Paul Robin Krugman
Překvapivým držitelem tzv. Nobelovy ceny za ekonomii za rok 2008, která představuje zlatou medaili, diplom a šek na deset milionů švédských korun, se stal opět Američan – profesor ekonomie a vyučující na Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs na Princeton University, novinář, editor, komentátor a od roku 1999 úspěšný sloupkař The New York Times, intelektuál Paul Robin Krugman.
Výrazný liberál s vyhraněnými politickými postoji, soudtřeďující se zejména na popularizaci ekonomie a přednášející v současnosti ekonomii a mezinárodní vztahy, formuloval nové teorie, odpovídající na otázky volného trhu a globalizace. Integroval dosud oddělené výzkumné obory mezinárodního obchodu a hospodářské geografie. Zabývá se například tím, proč jsou některé státy bohaté a jiné chudé, proč určité země dominují světovému obchodu, dokázal popsat důsledky globalizace a vytvořil tzv. New Trade Theory. Podle Krugmana lze v blízké budoucnosti očekávat dlouhou celosvětovou hospodářskou recesi, která by však pravděpodobně neměla přerůst v kolaps.
Jako neokeynesiánec se vyslovuje pro příliv státních investic do ekonomiky a je řazen mezi 50 nejvlivnějších ekonomů světa.
Narodil se 28. února 1953 v New Yorku ve staré židovské rodině a dětství prožil na Long Islandu na předměstí velkoměsta. Koníčkem mu byla historie, nicméně ekonomie u něho brzy zvítězila.
B.A. získal na Yale University v roce 1974 a titul Ph.D. na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) v roce 1977. V rámci své doktorské práce pracoval krátce v průběhu roku 1976 pro portugalskou Centrální banku. Vyučoval například na kalifornské Berkeley University, na Yale University, MIT, Stanford University a na britské London School of Economics a od roku 2000 přednáší na Princeton University v New Jersey. V období 1982 – 1983 byl za Reaganovy administrativy spolupracovníkem Bílého domu jako člen sboru ekonomických poradců a uvažovalo se s ním také pro tým ekonomických poradců následně nastupujícího prezidenta Clintona. Pro zajímavost Krugman působil v roce 1999 jako poradce dozorčí rady společnosti Enron. Kromě již výše zmíněného listu The New York Times psal Krugman pro Economist, Harper’s a Washington Monthly.
Vedle jiných ocenění je Krugman od roku 1991 v pořadí dvanáctým držitelem medaile Johna Batese Clarka, kterou jednou za dva roky uděluje American Economic Association ekonomům ve věku do 40 let za „významný přínos světové ekonomii“, v roce 2002 byl vyhlášen „sloupkařem roku“.
P. R. Krugman je ženatý a bezdětný, jeho druhou ženou se stala kolegyně Robin Wells, profesorka ekonomie na Princeton University.
Knihy
KRUGMAN, P. R., OBSTFELD, M., WESLEY, A. International economics. Pearson Education Limited, International Ed edition, 2008.
KRUGMAN, P. R., WELLS, R., KELLY, E. Microeconomics study guide. Worth Publishers, Second Edition ed., 2008.
KRUGMAN, P. R., WELLS, R., GRADDY, K. Economics: European edition. Worth Publishers, 2007.
KEYNES, J. M., KRUGMAN, P. R. The general theory of employment, interest and money. Palgrave Macmillan, New Ed edition, 2007.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The conscience of a liberal. W. W. Norton, 2009.
KRUGMAN, P. R., WELLS, R., OLNEY, M. Essentials of economics. Macmillan Higher Education, 2007.
KRUGMAN, P. R., OBSTFELD, M. International economics: Theory and policy. Addison-Wesley, 2004.
KRUGMAN, P. R., WELLS, R. Macroeconomics. Worth Publishers, 2009.
KRUGMAN, P. R., ANDERSON, D. A., WELLS, R. Microeconomics & economics by example. Worth Publishers, 2006.
KRUGMAN, P. R., CARTER, C., WELLS, R. Microeconomics & agriculture policy and markets. Worth Publishers, 2005.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The great unraveling. Losing our way in the new century. W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Microeconomics & aplia activation card. W. H. Freeman and Co., 2004.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Fuzzy math: the essential guide to the Bush tax plan. W. W. Norton & Company, 2001.
FUJITA, M., KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. The spatial economy: cities, regions, and international trade. The MIT Press, 2001.
KRUGMAN, P, R., OBSTFELD, M. International economics: Theory and policy. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 2004.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The return of depression economics. Penguin, 2000.
KRUGMAN, P. R.The accidental theorist and other dispatches from the dismal science. W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Development, geography , and economic theory. The MIT Press, 1997.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Pop internationalism. The MIT Press, 1996.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Currencies and crises. The MIT Press, 1995.
GRAHAM, E. M., KRUGMAN, P. R. Foreign direct investment in the United States. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1995.
Empirical studies of strategic trade policy. (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report).Edited by P. R. Krugman, A. Smith. University of Chicago Press, 1994.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Peddling prosperity: economic sense and nonsense in the age of diminished expectations. W. W. Norton & Company, 1994.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Rethinking international trade. The MIT Press, 1994.
Exchange rate targets and currency brands. Edited by P. R. Krugman, M. Miller. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Geography and trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Has the adjustment process worked? Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1991.
KRUGMAN, P. R.The age of diminished expectations. Washington: Post Briefing Books, 1990.
KRUGMAN, P. R., HELPMAN, E. Trade policy and market structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Exchange-rate instability. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.
HELPMAN, E., KRUGMAN, P. R. Market structure and foreign trade: increasing returns, imperfect competition, and the international economy. The MIT Press, 1987.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The self organizing economy. Wiley Blackwell, 1986.
Strategic trade policy and the New international economics. Edited by P. R. Krugman. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.
KRUGMAN, P. R., HELPMAN, E. Market structure and foreign trade: increasing returns, imperfect competition, and the international trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985.
Články
KRUGMAN, P. R. Response to Nelson and Schwartz. Journal of Monetary Economics, May 2008, vol. 55, no. 4, p. 857.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Will there be a dollar crisis? Economic Policy, July 2007, vol. 22, no. 51, p. 435.
KRUGMAN, P. R. 1992: Staircase to nowhere. The American Prospect, June 2005, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 30.
BALDWIN, R. E., KRUGMAN, P. R. Agglomeration, integration and tax harmonisation. European Economic Review, Feb. 2004, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 1.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Confusions about social security. The Economist‘ Voice, 2004, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1.
FUJITA, M., KRUGMAN, P. R. The new economic geography: Past, present and the future. Papers in Regional Science, Oct. 2003, vol. 83, no. 1, p. 139.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Echaremos de menos a Tobin. Revista de Economia Institucional, Universidad Externado de Colombia – Facultad de Economia, Jan. 2002, vol. 4, no, 2. p. 197 – 1999.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Can America stay on top? Journal of Economic Perspectives. Winter 2000, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 169 – 175.
KRUGMAN, P. R. How complicated does the model have to be? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Winter 2000, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 33 – 42.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Technology, trade and factor prices. Journal of International Economics, Feb. 2000, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 51.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Thinking about the liquidity trap. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Dec. 2000, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 221 – 237.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Balance sheets, the transfer problem, and financial crises. International Tax and Public Finance, Nov. 1999, vol. 8, no, 4, p. 459 – 472.
FUJITA, M., KRUGMAN, P. R., MORI, T. On the evaluation of hierarchical urban systems. European Economic Review, Febr. 1999, vol. 43, no. 2, p. 209 – 251.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Space. The final frontier. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 1998, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 161 – 174.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Two cheers for formation. Economic Journal, 1998, vol. 108, no. 451, p. 1829 – 1836.
KRUGMAN, P. R. What’s new about the new economic geography? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Summer 1998, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 7 – 17.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Why should trade negotiations negotiate about? Journal of Economic Literature, March 1997, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 113 – 120.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Are currency crises self-fulfilling? NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 1996, vol. 11, p. 345 – 378.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Making sense of the competitiveness debate. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Autumn 1996, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 17 – 25.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Confronting the mystery of urban hierarchy. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Dec. 1996, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 399 – 418.
KRUGMAN, P. R. America in the world economy: Understanding the misunderstandings. Japan and the World Economy, July 1995, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 233 – 247.
FUJITA, M., KRUGMAN, P. R. When is the economy monocentric?: von Thunen and Chamberlein unified. Regional Science and Urban Economics, Aug. 1995, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 505 – 528.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Innovation and agglomeration: Two parables suggested by city-size distributions. Japan and the World Economy, Nov. 1995, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 371 – 390.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Complex landscapes in economic geography. American Economic Review, May 1994, vol. 84, no. 2, p. 412 – 416.
KRUGMAN, P. R. History and industrial location: The case of the manufacturing belt. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 1991, vol. 81, p. 80 – 83.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991, vol. 99, p. 483 – 499.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Target zones and exchange rate dynamics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, vol. 106, p. 669 – 682.
KRUGMAN, P. R. On the relationship between trade theory and location theory. Review of International Economics, June 1993, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 110 – 122.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The narrow and broad arguments for free trade. American Economic Review, May 1973, vol. 83, no. 2, p. 362 – 366.
KRUGMAN, P. R. On the number and location of cities. European Economic Review, April 1993, vol. 37, no. 2 – 3, p. 293 – 298.
KRUGMAN, P. R. What do undergrads need to know about trade? American Economic Review, May 1993, vol. 83, no. 2, p. 23 – 26.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Second thoughts on EMU. Japan and the World Economy, Nov. 1992, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 187 – 200.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Exchange rates and policy coordination. Journal of International Economics, Febr. 1991, vol. 30, no. 1 – 2, p. 195 – 197.
KRUGMAN, P. R. History and industry location: the case of the manufacturing belt. American Economic Review, May 1991, vol. 81, no, 2, p. 80 – 83.
KRUGMAN, P. R. History versus expectations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1991, vol. 106, no. 2, p. 651 – 667.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Factor market barriers are trade barriers? by R. Baldwin. European Economic Review, June 1990, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 846 – 847.
KRUGMAN. P. R. The case for stabilizing exchange rates. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Autumn 1989, vol. 5, no. 36, p. 61 – 72.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The J-curve, the fire sale, and the hard landing. American Economic Review, May 1989, vol. 79, no. 2, p. 31 – 35.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The persistent U.S. trade deficit. American Economic Papers, Dec. 1988, vol. 27, no. 51, p. 149 – 158.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Is free trade passe? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1987, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 131 – 144.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The narrow moving band, the Dutch disease, and the economic consequences of Mrs. Thatcher: Notes on trade in the presence of dynamic economies of scale. Journal of Development Economics, 1987, vol. 27, p. 41 – 56.
KRUGMAN, P. R., BALDWIN, R. The persistence of the US trade deficit. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 1987, vol. 1, p. 1 – 43.
KRUGMAN, P. R. HATSOPOULOS, G. N. The problem of U.S. competitiveness in manufacturing. New England Economic Review, Jan. 1987, p. 18 – 29.
KRUGMAN, P. R. PERSSON, T., SVENSSON, L. E. O. Inflation, interest rates, and welfare. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Aug. 1985, vol. 100, no. 3, p. 677 – 695.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The US response to foreign industrial targeting and the US economy. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 1984, vol. 1, p. 77 – 121.
KRUGMAN, P. R. New theories of trade among industrial industrial countries. American Economic Review, May 1983, vol. 73, no. 2, p. 343 – 347.
KRUGMAN, P. R., BRANDER, J. A reciprocal dumping model of international trade. Journal of International Economics, 1983, vol. 15, p. 313 – 321.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Intraindustry specialization and the gains from trade. Journal of Political Economy, Oct. 1981, vol. 89, no. 5, p. 959 – 973.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Trade, accumulation, and uneven development. Journal of Development Economics, 1983, vol. 8, p. 149 – 161.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade. American Economic Review, Dec. 1980, vol. 70, no. 5, p. 950 – 959.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 1979, vol. 9, p. 469 – 479.
KRUGMAN, P. R. A model of balance-of-payments crises. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Aug. 1979, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 311 – 325.
KRUGMAN, P. R. A model of innovation, technology transfer, and the world distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, Apr. 1979, vol. 87, no. 2, p. 253 – 266.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Purchasing power parity and exchange rates. Journal of International Economics, 1978, vol. 8, p. 397 – 407.
Working papers, proceedings, přednášky, aj.
BALDWIN, R., KRUGMAN, P. R. Agglomeration, integration and tax harmonization. CEPR Discussion Papers 2630, 2000.
KRUGMAN, P. T. Will Asia bounce back? Speech for Credit Suisse First Boston, Hong Kong, March 1998.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Domestic distortions and the deindustrialization hypothesis. NBER Working Papers 5473, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1996.
KRUGMAN, P. R. How the economy organizes itself in space: a survey of of the new economic geography. Working Papers 96-04-021, Santa Fe Institute, 1996.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Ricardo’s difficult idea. Paper for Manchester Conference on Free Trade, March 1996.
KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. Globalization and the inequality of nations. NBER Working Papers 5098, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1995.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Technology, trade, and factor prices. NBER Working Papers 5355, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1995.
KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. The seamless world: a spatial model of international specialization. NBER Working Papers 5220, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1995.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Technology, trade and factor prices. NBER Working Papers 5355, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1995.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Fluctuations, instability, and agglomeration. NBER Working Papers 4616, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1994.
KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. Globalization and the inequality of nations. CEPR Discussion Papers 1015, 1994.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Past and perspective causes of high unemployment. Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jan. 1994, p. 49 – 98.
BREZIS, E. S., KRUGMAN, P. R. Immigration, investment and real wages. NBER Working Papers 4563, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1993.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Inequality and the political economy of eurosclerosis. CEPR Discussion Papers 867, 1993.
KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. Integration. CEP Discussion Papers 0172, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, 1993.
KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. Integration, specialization and the adjustment. NBER Working Papers 4559, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1993.
BREZIS, E. S., KRUGMAN, P. R. Technology and the life cycle of cities. NBER Working Papers 4561, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1993.
KRUGMAN, P. R., LAWRENCE, R. Trade, jobs, and wages. NBER Working Papers 4478, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1993.
KRUGMAN, P. R. What do we need to know about the international monetary system? Princeton Studies in International Economics 190, International Economics Section, Department of Economics Princeton University, 1993.
KRUGMAN, P. R., A dynamic spatial model. NBER Working Papers 4219, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1992.
ELIZONDO, R. L., KRUGMAN, P. R. Trade policy and the third world metropolis. NBER Working Papers 4238, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1992.
KRUGMAN, P. R., MILLER, M. Why have a target zone? CEPR Discussion Papers 718, 1992.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Cities in space. Three simple models. NBER Working Papers 3607, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1991.
KRUGMAN, P. R. First nature, second nature, and metropolitan location. NBER Working Papers 3740, National Bureau of of Economic Research Inc., 1991.
BREZIS, E., KRUGMAN, P. R., TSIDDON, D. Leapfrogging: a theory of cycles in national technological leadership. NBER Working Papers 3886, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1991.
KRUGMAN, P. R. The move toward free trade zones. Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1991, p. 7 – 58.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Increasing returns and economic geography. NBER Working Papers 3275, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1990.
KRUGMAN, P. R., VENABLES, A. J. Integration and the competitiveness of peripheral industry. CEPR Discussion Papers 363, 1990.
KRUGMAN, P. R., ROTEMBERG, J. Target zones with limited reserves. NBER Working Papers 3418, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1990.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Differences in income elasticities and trends in real exchange rates. NBER Working Papers 2761, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1989.
KRUGMAN, P, R, Financing vs. forgiving a debt overhang. NBER Working Papers 2486, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1989.
KRUGMAN, P. R. History vs. expectations. NBER Working Papers 2971, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1989.
KRUGMAN, P. R., FELDSTEIN, M. International trade effects of value added taxation. NBER Working Papers 3163, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1989.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Is bilateralism bad? NBER Working Papers 2972, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1989.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Market-based debt-reduction schemes. NBER Working Papers 2587, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1989.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Adjustment in the world economy. NBER Working Papers 2424, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1988.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Deindustrialization, reindustrialization, and the real exchange rate. NBER Working Papers 2586, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1988.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Target zones and exchange rate dynamics. NBER Working Papers 2481, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1988.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Trigger strategies and price dynamics in equity and foreign exchange markets. NBER Working Papers 2459, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1987.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Industrial organization and international trade. NBER Working Papers 1957, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1986.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Is the Japan problem over? NBER Working Papers 1962, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1986.
BALDWIN, R. E., KRUGMAN, P. R. Market access and international competition: a simulation study of 16K random access memories. NBER Working Papers 1936, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1986.
BALDWIN, R. E., KRUGMAN, P. R. Persistent trade effects of large exchange rate shocks. NBER Working Papers 2017, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1986.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Pricing to market when the exchange rate changes. NBER Working Papers 1926, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1986.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Fiscal policy, interest rates, and exchange rates: some simple analytics. Working Papers 391, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics, 1985.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Increasing returns and the theory of international trade. NBER Working Papers 1752, National Bureau of of Economic Research Inc., 1985.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Is the strong dollar sustainable? Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1985, p. 103 – 155.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Oil and the dollar. NBER Working Papers 0554, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1983.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Targeted industrial policies: Theory and evidence. In Industrial Change and Public Policy, Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank, 1983, p. 123 – 155.
KRUGMAN, P. R., PERSSON, T., SVENSSON, L. E. O. Inflation, monetary velocity, and welfare. NBER Working Papers 1987, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1982.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Trade in differentiated products and the political economy of trade liberalization. NBER Reprints 0310, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1982.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Consumption preferences, asset demands, and distribution effects in international financial markets. NBER Working Papers 0651, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1981.
KRUGMAN, P. R. International trade and income distribution: a reconsideration. NBER Working Papers 0356, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1981.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Real exchange rate adjustment and the welfare effects of oil price decontrol. NBER Working Papers 0658, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1981.
BRANDER, J. A., KRUGMAN, P. R. A reciprocal dumping model of international trade. Working Papers 405, Queen’s University, Department of Economics, 1980.
KRUGMAN, P. R. Vehicle currencies and the structure of international exchange. NBER Working Papers 0333, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., 1979.
KRUGMAN, P. R., TAYLOR, L. Contractionary effects of devaluations. Working Papers 191, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics, 1976.